There is an increase in the incidence of gram-negative bloodstream infections (GNBSIs) in the UK. Healthcare-associated risk factors have been identified that increase the risk of infection and associated mortality. Current research is focused on identifying high-risk patients and improving the methods used for surveillance. A review was carried out of risk factors independently-associated with the risk of GNBSI and sepsis by a team led by Tony Roberts and published in the British Medical Bulletin.